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(10)Income Taxes

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Income tax benefit (expense) consists of:

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Income tax benefit (expense) differs from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 35% as a result of the following:

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For the year ended December 31, 2015 the significant reconciling item, as noted in the table above, is a $44 million increase in the valuation allowance due to the effect of a tax law change in the District of Columbia (“D.C.�) which reduces the future allocation of SIRIUS XM’s taxable income in D.C. As a result, SIRIUS XM expects it will utilize less of its D.C. net operating losses in the future, resulting in a $44 million increase in the valuation allowance offsetting the deferred tax asset for these net operating losses.

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For the year ended December 31, 2014 the significant reconciling items, as noted in the table above, are the result of taxes attributable to our sale of Sirius XM shares to Sirius XM, which is treated as a taxable distribution, but is not recognized for financial statement purposes. In addition, we recognized a benefit on our liquidation of a consolidated partnership investment and the related reduction in the tax basis of the partnership’s assets, which was not recognized for financial statement purposes and a dividends received deduction, primarily attributable to the taxable SIRIUS XM distribution during the year.

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For the year ended December 31, 2013 the significant reconciling items, as noted in the table above, are the result of a $7.5 billion non-taxable gain on the consolidation of SIRIUS XM on January 18, 2013, as discussed in note 3, and the non-taxable exchange of one of Liberty's consolidated subsidiaries on October 4, 2013, in exchange for Liberty shares (see note 11 for further discussion of this transaction).

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are presented below:

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SIRIUS XM's deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in the amounts above although SIRIUS XM's deferred tax assets and liabilities are not offset with Liberty's deferred tax assets and liabilities as SIRIUS XM is not included in the group tax return of Liberty. Liberty's acquisition of a controlling interest in SIRIUS XM's outstanding common stock during January 2013 did not create a change in control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code.

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The Company's net increase in the valuation allowance ofÌý$44 million in 2015 was recorded entirely to income tax expense.

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At DecemberÌý31, 2015, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes which, if not utilized to reduce taxable income in future periods, will expire between 2017 and 2035, most of which expire between 2025 and 2035. The Company's federal net operating loss carryforwards are primarily attributable to those at the SIRIUS XM level ($4.6 billion, $1.61 billion tax effected). ÌýSIRIUS XM also has state net operating loss carryforwards, tax effected, of $148 million. The Company also has federal net operating losses at the Liberty level of $95 million ($33 million tax effected) and state net operating loss carryforwards, tax effected, of $4 million.

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In addition, Liberty currently has $191 million of excess share-based compensation deductions which are included in the gross operating loss carryforward on its tax return of $286 million. Excess tax compensation benefits are recorded off balance sheet until the excess tax benefit is realized through a reduction of taxes payable.

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A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

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As of DecemberÌý31, 2015, the Company had recorded tax reserves of $254 million related to unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. If such tax benefits were to be recognized for financial statement purposes, less than $184 million dollars would be reflected in the Company's tax expense and affect its effective tax rate. We do not currently anticipate that our existing reserves related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2015 will significantly increase or decrease during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2016; however, various events could cause our current expectations to change in the future. The Company's estimate of its unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions requires a high degree of judgment.

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During 2015, the Company increased its unrecognized tax benefits balance to $254 million.ÌýÌýThe increase is primarily attributable to additional state net operating losses recorded for prior tax years at SIRIUS XM as a result of a state law change.ÌýÌýBecause SIRIUS XM does not believe its position with respect to the state net operating losses is greater than more-likely-than-not, it recorded a corresponding amount of unrecognized tax benefits during 2015.Ìý

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As of DecemberÌý31, 2015, the Company's tax years prior to 2012 are closed for federal income tax purposes, and the IRS has completed its examination of the Company's 2012 through 2014 tax years. The Company's tax loss carryforwards from its 2011 through 2014 tax years are still subject to adjustment. The Company's 2015 tax year is being examined currently as part of the IRS's Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP") program. Various states are currently examining the Company's prior years state income tax returns. Sirius XM, which does not consolidate with Liberty for income tax purposes, has federal and certain state income tax audits pending.ÌýWe do not expect the ultimate disposition of these audits to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

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As of DecemberÌý31, 2015, the Company had less than a million dollars in accrued interest and penalties recorded related to uncertain tax positions.